Causes of the English Civil War Essay

Charles I came to the throne in 1625 after the death of his father, James I. His reign maintained some similarities with his father’s reign. For instance, both Charles and James had very little money and both of them believed firmly in the Divine Origin of Kingship1. During his reign, many events took place which led to the English Civil War in 1642 and which ended up with the public execution of Charles I. This essay will discuss and deal with the different factors that gave rise to the English Civil War. As was said above, one of the main problems of Charles’ reign was the lack of money and, undoubtedly, this was a good reason for a civil war. Everything started when the Parliament asked Charles to go to war with the Catholics in Spain. Charles did not have the needed money to face this war and so he asked for taxes, the taxes were not enough and the war was impossible. This outraged the MPs but they knew that Charles would then call them back for help. Parliament did not like Charles because they thought he spent money only on his favourites so the King himself would have to find a way to make money. Charles tried several things such as enforcing taxes known as â€Å"ship money†2, selling monopolies and titles; he also created a â€Å"Court of Star Chamber† which was composed by 1 The divine origin of kingship: According to this doctrine, since only God can judge an unjust king, the king can do no wrong. (Definition provided by http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Divine_Right_of_Kings.html) 2 Nonparliamentary tax first levied in medieval times by the English crown on coastal cities and counties for naval defense in time of war. (Definition provided by http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540944/ship-money) officials of the crown and which main purpose was to fine people heavily so as to raise money. As there was not a jury, this â€Å"court† would obviously fulfill his expectations. Parliament was really angry for the illegal situation, so Charles decided to dissolve it. The reign continued for eleven years without a Parliament. He called a Parliament again just because he needed money. The Covenanters expressed their desire to invade England and Charles did not have the sufficient money to fight them. The Parliament refused to give him money from the taxes and Charles dissolved it again. Eventually, as he was forced to pay a determined sum of money to the Scots, he called a Parliament again. He was destroyed economically. Undoubtedly, Charles’ poor economic manage and his bad decisions were closely related to the outbreak of the civil war. Another crucial cause was religion. These quarrels began when Charles married to Henrietta Maria who was a French Catholic. Having a Catholic as a Queen was not accepted at all by English people, especially by the Puritans. Things went worse when the King made William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. The Archbishop modified many things in the Church. For instance, beatifying the Church and bringing back robes for priests, statues and stained-glass windows. Laud also attempted to impose the English Prayer Book3 in Scotland. As Scotland was a Puritan (Presbytarian) country, they rioted against this â€Å"Too Catholic† Prayer Book and a group of Scots, the Covenanter’s, decided to invade England as it was mentioned in the previous paragraph. After putting Laud on trial, the Parliament found him guilty. 3 A book which stated how services should be run (Definition provided by http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A622937) Another major cause which led to the civil war was Charles’ personality. It may seem not a fundamental cause comparing it with the above mentioned ones. Nonetheless, his way of thinking, his bad decisions, his conflicts with the MPs, his wife’s influence and his contradictory and inconsistent reign also contributed to the outbreak of the civil war. During Charles’ reign, a distinction between a Short Parliament and a Long Parliament can be made. The Short Parliament was called in 1640 by the King because the Scots rebelled and due to his bad financial situation, he needed to levy a tax to deal with them (only with the Parliament’s consent could he do it). This parliament was summoned after eleven years of dissolution. Even though such dissolution was not constitutional, it was one of the King’s prerogatives. The MPs met the gentry and expressed their feeling of indignation to them. Harbottle Grimston and John Pym led a catalogue of complaints. On May 5th in the same year, Charles dissolved the Parliament again blaming â€Å"the malicious cunning of some few seditious affected men†. Finally, Charles came to an agreement with the Scots of paying them  £850 a day. On the other hand, the Long Parliament was summoned from November 3rd 1640 for thirteen years. Charles needed funds for the daily payment and for a final settlement with the Scots. In this Parliament, 493MPs were elected; most of them were from the County Faction4. Parliament sent both Strafford and Laud to the Tower accusing them of bad influence on the King. Charles tried to calm things down signing Strafford’s death warrant, passing a bill that allowed for Parliament not to be dissolved without its own consent, a bill making ‘ship money’ illegal and other bills that taken together demolished the framework of prerogative government. 4 MPs who tried to represent the views of the landowners. (Definition provided by http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A622937) The Irish rebelled in 1641 because of their King’s death. Definitely, the execution of Strafford had not been a good choice. John Pym issued the Militia Bill and the Grand Remonstrance5 . Subsequently, Charles decided to arrest him and his ringleaders, he tried to arrest five MPs but as they had been previously warned, Charles could not find them. As this was considered a breach of Parliamentary privileges by MPs, it just made things worse between them. And it was on 22nd August when the civil war started. To conclude, it cannot be stated that the most important cause of the English Civil War was unfair taxation because, as was described, there were many factors which created a tense relationship between Parliament and the King. Unfair taxation was a really important cause. However, it was not the only possible factor. Religious, financial and management issues played an important role as well. People who surrounded the King also took an essential part in this big conflict. It also has to be recognized that when Charles came to the throne, things were not in good conditions. Neither his father nor Charles could manage their reigns properly. A civil war could not have been avoided unless Charles would have changed his mind and way of thinking but as he was born with a belief in the Divine Origin of Kingship and did not have much knowledge about kingships, it would have been very difficult to achieve. 5 It listed all the things Charles had done wrong in his reign, suggested less power for bishops, and said that Parliament should have power over the Church and the appointment of Royal ministers. (Definition provided by http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-london/A622937)   

Sample Persuasive Message

In this paper the subject to identify is three behaviors inherent in e-tailing, explain how each medium enables e-commerce, and analyze each behavior using the communication process. The three behaviors to be discussed are independent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables. Two types of independent variables are personal characteristics and environmental variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Personal characteristics refer to the demographic factors, internal individual factors, and behavioral characteristics (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Environmental refers to social, cultural, community, and other environmental variables such as available information, government regulations, legal constraints, and situational factors (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Intervening variables controlled by vendors, as in pricing, advertising, branding, physical environment, and promotions. The physical environment includes in store displays, logistic support, technical support, and customer services all are important to the consumer (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). By showing a company’s product online for the consumer it fulfills the intervening variable. The dependent variable is the buying decision, the consumer ask several questions such as, â€Å"How much to buy? † â€Å"Where to buy the product? † and â€Å"When to buy the product? † These decisions depend on the independent and intervening variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). By using personalization in e-commerce a company is referring to matching service, products, and advertising to individuals and their preferences based on what the company knows about the individual user (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). The three steps, services of personalization are: personalized services are built on a one-on-one communication channel, individual service built on the sequence of clicks, page request, or items added to shopping carts. The third universal services are the product search function or reading of customer reviews. These three strategies will increase satisfaction, build relationship, generate lock-in situations, and realize greater produce or service turnover (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Under independent variable the company must know itself the services and products they are providing to the customers. Then the company has to determine how it will arrive at the information to the customer through websites or mailers. The company must determine who will receive the massages. This hypothetical company has to determine where it is obtaining its products from. So advertising can be put into place around those products. Thus, informing the customer/receiver through varies technology where the product comes from (University of Phoenix, 2011). The dependent variable sets the companies course to who, what, when, where, why, and how. With personalization the company must match all services and products to different demographics. These demographics are the targets for the products and services the company is advertising. Using detailing in this manner should permit growth and larger profit margins. Part of existing in e-tailing is customer satisfaction. Given the changes in the world with more people going online for product maintaining customer satisfaction in the online shopping experience is more important. The high levels of customer satisfaction are associated with repeat purchases and positive word-of-mouth (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). The customer needs to trust the e-tailer that the product he or she receives will be like the one in the picture on the web page. Trust is particularly important in e-commerce transactions because of the difficulties of taking legal action (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). The buyers and sellers must trust the e-commerce’s computing environment and the infrastructure. If they do not feel comfortable or trust security of the infrastructure he or she will not buy the product he or she was looking to buy (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). There are two ways to increase trust in e-commerce the following are: 1. ) Affiliate with an objective third party. This builds trust by putting hypertext links on their website to other trusted reputable companies. 2. ) Establish trustworthiness through these key elements integrity, competence, and security (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). The organizational behaviors are similar, to individuals with a few differences, the individual is more the business-to-consumer where family and Internet communities can have an influence. The organizational is more the business-to-business concept where family and Internet communities have no influence on purchases (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Marketing and advertising processes for organizations are different. The traditional way to market goods was through trade shows, magazines, newspapers, and salespeople calling. With the digital world or e-commerce an organization could use online directory, matching, the marketing and advertising service of exchanges, co-branding or alliances, affiliate programs, online marketing, or e-communities (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). Some organizations that venture into the e-wholesalers, this kind of intermediary sells directly to businesses exclusively online (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, & Viehland, 2008). With all the new technology coming out in the world a large amount of individuals and organizations are turning to the Internet to buy and sell products and services all over the world. References Internal Revenue Service (2011) Electronic Payment Options for Businesses and Individuals. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/efile/article/O,,id=101316,00.html Turban, E., King, D., McKay, J., Marshall, P., Lee, J., & Viehland, D. (2008) Electronic Commerce 2008: A Managerial Perspective (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix (2011) University of Phoenix Material: COMM470 Version 3 Appendix A

Jewish Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Jewish - Research Paper Example This started with the people who occupied the area that was between the Nile, the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. The land of Cannan, which was later called as Isreal was surrounded by ancient seats of cultural manifestations within Egypt and Babylonia as well as the deserts of Arabia. It was also encircles by the highlands that came from the Asia Minor. This indeed was an area that saw a number of civilizations coming to the fore of each other. This area was negotiated by the age-old trade links and thus comprised of the significant harbors on the Gulf of Akaba as well as on the Mediterranean coast where it exposed towards the influential patterns of a number of other cultures, most of which hailed from the Fertile Crescent. This paper takes a keen look at the Jewish historical basis and studies in-depth the different representations of culture, arts and politics within the world of Judaism. Conventionally it has been seen that the Jews all over the world have claimed that their descent has been mostly lying within the ancient Israelites, the ones who settled within the initial land of Israel. It is for this manner that the Israelites have long and hard traced their shared lineage with Abraham who was the biblical patriarch through Isaac and Jacob, both of whom were Hebrews and essentially the descendants of Eber. On the same token, the Jewish beliefs hold fast on to the claim that the Israelites were indeed the descendants of Jacob's 12 sons, one of whom was Judah who initially settled within Egypt. It was within Egypt that their descendants were put to slavery by the Egyptian pharaoh, who was often known by the name of Ramses II. When one studies the ancient conventional basis of the Jews, there is evidence in the fact that the Jewish Israelites left their country, Egypt being their own to Canaan which was essentially led by their prophet Moses. What this event did wa s to mark the very basis of formation of the Israelites as a nation, which was later divided into twelve different tribes, all of whom are kept after Jacob's sons. Jewish tradition as well as the Bible, the time from Genesis towards the Malachi has told that the Israelites moved about in a freely roaming fashion within the deserts for more than four decades after which they were able to conquer Canaan under the aegis of Joshua, thus dividing the very land amongst the twelve varied tribes. There was a period of time within the Jewish history when the twelve different tribes were led by a series of judges who were essentially the rulers themselves. After this period had passed, an Israelite monarchy was instituted upon within the land under the aegis of Saul as he continued to work under King David and Solomon, the latter being his son. Since King David was the ruler of the time, he made his mark by conquering Jerusalem, where his mode of attack included capturing a Canaanite and late r on a Jebusite town, where he made the same as the capital. King David's son was proactive in his approach as he constructed the First Temple within Jerusalem. Later on, Solomon's period in office was further divided into a couple of kingdoms - Israel which consisted of ten different tribes within the north, and Judah that entailed of those tribes within Judah and Benjamin, both of which lied in the south. Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser V captured Israel in the 8th century BCE. Unfortunately there is no evidence in the f

Employee Discipline Policy (human Resource) Employee Labor and Assignment

Employee Discipline Policy (human Resource) Employee Labor and Relations Class - Assignment Example The employers should develop the policy with one attorney or with trade bodies in order to ensure that it does not violate any laws (What can you do about employee absenteeism?, n.d.). The employers should also make the policy known to the employees before fully implementing it (What can you do about employee absenteeism, n.d.). It is necessary that the employers are able to check if the policy is fully implemented. The attendance records help the employers to check which of the employees are regular and who are making frequent leaves (Controlling Employees’ Absenteeism, 2011). Thus analysis of attendance records should be done after the implementation of the policy. Though there are challenges in managing absenteeism, the company must make sure that all employees are treated the well and there is no discrimination when implementing the policy. The company should maintain to be consistent, persistent and fair to all. And lastly, when implementing policy, it is better to implem ent the programs and policies in a facultative manner rather than punitive because majority of the employees will appreciate this kind of approach (Yorges, n.d.). Sources: Controlling Employees’ Absenteeism, (2011).

Reflective log on the six topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Reflective log on the six topics - Essay Example In reflecting on the history of crime control, the policies of the government and the calls for reforms from citizens have played a dynamic role in shaping crime control and policing. One issue in attempting to explicate a history of crime control in the United Kingdom is that crime statistics were not kept before 1805 and thus all endeavours to reconstruct the state of crime before then must be gathered from, at times, shady court records (Emsley 204). The genesis of modern crime control is often attributed, by most Whig historians, to the establishment of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 by then Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel (Sharpe 6). The traditional historical account suggests that this was prompted by the rising rates of crime throughout London and other increasingly urbanized areas in the north and midlands, and the perceived outmoded inadequacy of the previous system of parish constables and watchmen, which had shown its impotence in such situations as the Gordon Riots in 1780 (Emsley 211). The elevation of crime control measures from primarily local and discretionary mechanisms to centralized and homogenous is a general trend that is in part due to the g rowth of London and other large cities, and the attendant concerns of urban populism mandated greater national implementation of crime management techniques (Emsley 226). One possible explanation for this is that urban environments present a more complex and interconnected social dynamic, which can more easily breakdown with more disastrous results, than in the more agrarian and rural milieu that dominated Great Britain in centuries prior. Rather than focusing on the dozens of crime control theories that populate handbooks and research journals, some attention should be paid to the nature of crime control theory itself and how it is established. One of the difficulties in generating sound theories of crime control is in

Villa Building and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Villa Building and Construction - Essay Example The bungalow will be of plinth area of 6800 sq ft, accommodating 4 bedrooms, two in the ground floor of 21.5 ft x 23 ft and 19.5 ft x 20 ft dimensions and two in the first floor of 21 ft x 23 ft and 19.5 x 20 ft dimensions, all with bath, closets attached, Great Room - Living, Dining and Kitchen of 30 ft x 40 ft , with two stone fire places, cherry cabinets and big screen HDTV,two wet bars with sit outs annexed, and a basement area with provision for physical work out and indoor games. Project scope defines what the project is going to accomplish as related to its budget. Budget includes time and money. It covers project size, goals, and requirements. Should there arise a change in the scope, corresponding change in the budget becomes inevitable. For example, if the project scope is to construct the servant's quarters with a budget of $ 50,000, then the project manager is expected to do that. Just in case, the project manager is asked to change the specifications of the quarters, say, adding another room in the servant's quarters, then the project scope gets changed. The budget is also to be changed correspondingly. From these quotes, one can understand that Quality in any situation is meeting the user's expectation. ... In our project the following can be classified as cycled activities: 1. Think tank meetings, involving reviews and revisions 2. Building construction work, at different stages. 1.04 Typical non-cycled activities Typical non cycled activities in our project are 1. Buying of land for construction of villa 2. Buying of furnishings at the final stage. Complete the following questions: 1.05 Describe the following broad project objectives: Scope. Project scope defines what the project is going to accomplish as related to its budget. Budget includes time and money. It covers project size, goals, and requirements. Should there arise a change in the scope, corresponding change in the budget becomes inevitable. For example, if the project scope is to construct the servant's quarters with a budget of $ 50,000, then the project manager is expected to do that. Just in case, the project manager is asked to change the specifications of the quarters, say, adding another room in the servant's quarters, then the project scope gets changed. The budget is also to be changed correspondingly. Scope of this project is to build a Villa of 6800 sq ft plinth area, on a budgeted cost of $ 3,000,000 to be completed in 17 months. Quality "Quality is fitness for use" - J.M. Juran "Quality is meeting or exceeding customer expectations at a cost that represents a value to them." - H. James Harrington "Quality should be defined as surpassing customer needs and expectations throughout the life of the product." - Howard Gitlow and Shelley Gitlow [Neville Turbit, (Sept 2004) 08-03-2009()] From these quotes, one can understand that Quality in any situation is meeting the user's expectation. If one

Personality inventories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personality inventories - Essay Example uestions can be answered in a variety of ways designed so that the respondent's instinctive response would be the indicator of how they are most likely to respond to a situation, 8) answering truthfully will give the best profile for the respondent's personality (UNSW, 2003). The Big Five Theory was developed by Costa and McCrae (1988). The five components are used to assess personality traits. The five factors include: Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Neuroticism. Since they are considered as relatively stable traits, they are used to described variances in human personality. Extroversion measures the volition to seek the company of others and outside stimulation. This factor deals with social skills, how a person relates with other people, confidence in society, assertiveness, empathy towards others and warmth. Conscientiousness demonstrates the desire to achieve, self-discipline, and responsibility.

Why SOX and PCAOB came into existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why SOX and PCAOB came into existence - Essay Example Apart from this, it needs that management evaluates the efficiency of internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, it requires independent auditor attest to, and report on management assessment of the internal controls. According to Northrup (2009), there are several implications of SOX on the accounting profession. One of the implications is that auditors of public companies are required to issue three opinions; an opinion on management’s assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, a view on whether the financial statements are presented fairly and their own appraisal about the efficiency of internal controls over financial reporting. The main intension of SOX is to protect investors by improving reliability and accuracy of corporate disclosure that are made pursuant to the security rules, and for other reasons. Objective of PCAOB is to oversee the auditors of governmental organizations and companies so as to protect the interest of the preparation of informative, independent and fair audit reports. Moeller (2008) asserts that the rules inflicted on the accounting occupation by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) require sovereign auditor to evaluate the efficiency of the internal controls over financial reporting by the use of a method of recognition. It releases Audit Standard No. 2 which describes internal controls over financial reporting, and management responsibilities which are being set out. This audit standard emphasize on the importance of the Environment control and Anti-Fraud Programs and Controls in assessing internal control over financial reporting. The PCAOB develop some issues which are related to the registration and reporting of public accounting firms, inspections, professional standards, investigations and adjudications. SOX and PCAOB have recognized the significance of the assessment of the Control Environment and Anti-Fraud Programs and control to the

Reflection and Critical Evaluation of Performance, Progress and Essay

Reflection and Critical Evaluation of Performance, Progress and Learning - Essay Example â€Å"Work experience can be of real value to individuals and to employers. However, in itself, such experience is not enough. It is the recognition of skills and awareness of the work context that is important† (Work Experience Module n.d., p. 6). The workers who successfully complete this module will: Set attainable goals for work experience Understand how the work is planned and organized at different stages Develop skills and capabilities to face challenges in the work Discover future employment opportunities Maintain a work place diary which describes and analyses experiences at workplace. Recognize equality problem connected to the workplace e.g. age, gender, sexual orientation, etc Competition for work experience placements has constantly been severe. The best probable possibility of securing work lies in the quality of the people who approach the job. This requires a short introductory email or letter, and CV to catch the attention of employers. This work based learnin g experience will help the employees to perform their job better, able to identify and evaluate where they went wrong, how to achieve the set standards, and what actions need to be taken to improve the performance. Performance appraisal system will help evaluate the employee’s performance. Interpersonal Skills: Through work based learning, the employees can develop their interpersonal skills. â€Å"The most common form of learning from other people takes the form of consultation and collaboration within the immediate working group: this may include teamwork, ongoing mutual consultation and support or observation of others in action. Beyond the immediate work environment, people sought information and advice, from other people in their organization, from customers or suppliers or from wider professional networks† (Eraut n.d., Interpersonal skills include: Increased cooperative working relationships Working with others to efficiently solve conflicts Methods of Assessing Interpersonal Skills Include: Personality inventories (e.g. MBTI), Interviews, 360 degree feedback, Assessment centers, peer evaluations of class projects. Assessment of interpersonal skill signifies an exchange between organizational problem and behavioral evaluation. When evaluating the different methods to determine interpersonal skills, it is significant to take into account the costs that have to be met by the organization. These expenses may comprise the idea to expand or acquire, organize and manage the evaluation process. The progress of an interview is a simple job, but organizing individual interviews need time. Other forms of evaluation (360-degree feedback and evaluation centers), on the other hand, can frequently be troublesome, and they necessitate time to expand and manage. Therefore it is classified as high on administrative costs. The team-working skills provide the capability to work in teams, and to make use of suitable interpersonal skills to make relationships w ith team members, colleagues and external stakeholders. â€Å"Good teamwork releases group synergy so that the combined effect of individual contributions far exceeds the sum of their individual effects. There is mutual accountability and togetherness amongst members of a well-knit team. The basic premise here is that individual contributions cannot be as good as all of us working together in a team† (Leadership and Teamwork n.d.). Networking is an important part of any job search. It is the method of creating contacts for

Cirque du soleil Essay Example for Free

Cirque du soleil Essay A: Strengths: Every show in 20 years has produced a profit, encourages creativity, niche, financially strong, well known, great marketing, technology, database of 20,000 potential employees, shows have a long run (10 to 12 years), talent scouts recruit from all over the world, creative, leadership. Creative production staff. Great locations. Excellent leadership. B: Weaknesses: High turnover (people get older, can no longer perform), High production costs equals high ticket prices C: Opportunities: New World tours and new permanent facilities in prime locations, D: Threats: Competition, someone could create a show very similar. Partners may want to buy out. 2. Explain how Cirque du Soleil implements, evaluates, and controls the elements of its marketing plan. Implements: Cirque du Soleil builds the market share and the profits follow. Cirque du Soleil has a great deal invested in training, talent, staff etc. Targets adults, lets creative people run it, Lamarre states he guides the company with an invisible hand making sure business policies do not interfere with the creative process. It is Dragone and his team of creative and production personnel not a predetermined budget that defines the content, style and material requirement for each project. Evaluates and controls: Every show makes a profit 3. List and describe at least three keys to Cirque Du Soleil’s competitive advantage. 1. It provides a product/service differentiation competitive advantage. Through production innovations, shows evoke awe, wonder, inspiration and reflection. 2. A niche competitive advantage. It’s unique, productions have distinct personalities, and shows have a language, a conversation with the audience. 3. Built a sustainable competitive advantage, example Mystere costs $45 million to produce and returned over $430 million

The cultural belief of hegemonic masculinity

The cultural belief of hegemonic masculinity Hegemonic masculinity is a belief in existence of culturally normative ideal of male behavior that is characterized by tendency for male dominance. Proponents of hegemonic masculinity theory argue that hegemonic masculinity is not necessarily the most dominant form of expression in male although it is the most socially endorsed; always contributing to subordinate position of women. Connell (2005) notes that hegemonic masculinity is characterized by ambition, strength, drive and self reliance and argues that such characteristics are encouraged in males but not in females. In his opinion, Donaldson (1993) argues that hegemonic masculinity concerns the dread of and the flight from women; and views it as a culturally idealized form, a personal or collective project and a strategic strategy for men to subordinate women. It is violent, exclusive, anxiety provoking, internally and hierarchically differentiated. However, Donaldson (1993) highlights that not all men practice it, although many benefit from it. Furthermore, it constructs the most dangerous things that humanity must content with; it is resilient and incorporates its own critique, although unraveling. This essay discusses the concept of hegemonic masculinity in relation to gender and social change. Hegemonic Masculinity: Gender and Social Change The concept of hegemonic masculinity is criticized for being framed within hetero-normative conception of gender that essentializes male-female difference and ignores difference and exclusion within the gender categories (Trigiani 1999). The concept largely rests logically on dichotomization of sex, which is biological versus gender, which is cultural, thus marginalizing the body (Trigiani 1999). According to Cornnell (2005) hegemonic masculinity is constructed in relation to subordinated masculinities; especially women thus there is no feminist that is hegemonic in the sense that the dominant form of masculinity is hegemonic among men. Iacuone (2005) views hegemonic masculinity as the most common blueprint for gender in Western culture as it dictates how real men should behave and the goals they should aspire to attain through the masculinity practice. It is an imagined construct rather than a practical one, with only few people possessing all its traits, although majority hold the principle with highest esteem (Iacuone 2005). In line with hegemonic masculinity traits, the identity of heterosexual man depends on his dislike of subordinated gender constructs; hence Iacuone (2005) admits that hegemonic masculinity views women as objects, depicts them as servile and most appropriate for domestic duties; only being value to men in a sexual capacity. The dominant masculine culture influences attitudes of construction workers, whereby hegemonic masculinity prescribes that men should be tough, be courageous enough to face danger and to dominate over others. Such men only view social environment as a conducive place for ri sk taking, with most of them viewing women as sex objects who should be there to entertain them and even embrace sexual assault to women as acceptable (Iacuone 2005). However, a small portion of men try to resist the influences of hegemonic masculine culture in gender, especially in settings where men challenge traditional patriarchal relations with an aim of improving womens welfare (Iacuone 2005). Kimmel Amy (2008) view hegemonic masculinity as a social ideal of a real man, described by society as young, married, white, and protestant, urban, heterosexual, white of college education, good complexion, height, and weight and employed. They argue that any male who does not have any of the described character traits should consider himself as inferior or unworthy. Gender is an ever present force that defines daily behavior of human beings. Spade Valentine (2010) bring out the masculinity contrast between men and women as viewed by society. They argue that as women graduate from girlhood to womanhood and join mixed gender groups at work, in colleges or play, their voices are often ignored and subordinated; they have to monitor what they say, how they say it and how often they talk to ensure that they do not dominate because their gender limits their participation (Spade Valentine 2010). Gendered patterns of belief and behavior influence peoples way of life in daily intimate relationships, with family and friends. According to Spade Valentine (2010), studies shave revealed that girls who transgress into boys zone end up being eventually respected by their male playmates if they are good in conventionally male activities, while on the other hand, boys are harassed and teased when they try to participate in girls related activities thus dominance of hegemonic masculinity is maintained by denying boys access to girls activities. Furthermore, the dominance of masculinity is reinforced when boys are ridiculed because they do not comply with society expectations of hegemonic masculinity; hence they fail to be sufficiently dominant. In order to cope with pressure from the society, Spade Valentine (2010) note that most men have learned how to do the behaviors that maintain hegemonic masculinity, while at the same time suppressing feelings and behaviours that might make the m look feminine. This shows the extent of slavery, frustrations and fear experienced by men in order to maintain their hegemonic masculinity status in the society. Despite these frustrations, hegemonic masculinity comes with its benefits as it is maintained in a hierarchy that is realized by only few men, with every other person subordinated to them; including women, poor white men, men of colour, gay men and men from devalued ethnic and religious groups. This dominance may be institutionalized in the structure of the situation. Hegemonic masculinity is supported by sex role theory, which advocates for people to learn from societys institutions to behave in ways that are appropriate to their sex. According to Trigiani (1998), the sex role theory views men as aggressive, rational, dominant and objective while women are passive, intuitive, submissive and subjective. The theory further assumes that culture values characteristics of each sex equally and that these values complement each other in to bring out balance in the society; whereby women are just as esteemed for their passivity as men are for their aggressiveness (Trigiani 1998). However, Haenfler (2006) views hegemonic masculinity as a configuration of gender practice that only embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of legitimacy of patriarchy, taken to guarantee the dominant position of men and the subordinate position of women. Haenfler (2006) laments that since late 19th century, the social basis of masculinity has been undermined and men hardly understand what it means to be a man. Furthermore, modernization, rapid industrialization, urbanization and the rise of bureaucracy has separated boys from fathers and destabilized the male breadwinner role. In addition, feminists have challenged dominant notions of gender, making it a challenge for a young man to figure out how to be a man in modern days (Haenfler 2006). Haenfler (2006) observes that the young mens current fears and continued erosion of male breadwinner role might provide a historic opportunity for men, both collectively and individually to reject the destructive and narrow limiting definitions of masculinity and prefer to create more peaceful and egalitarian definitions of manhood. In a culture that glorifies masculine displays of confidence, sexual prowess, strength and power, men increasingly feel unsure, impotent, weak and powerless hence they have often responded to their confusion and feelings of inadequacy through self control, reactive exclusion and escape from reality (Haenfler 2006). Haenfler (2006) observes that men who feel like they are losing control over their work and relationships often exercise extreme control over their personal lives, fitness, alcohol consumption and sexual appetites; hence becoming objects of self control. They react to crisis of hegemonic masculinity by attempting to shut women out of positions of power and influence and escape womens influence by retreating to male only social behavior (Haenfler 2006). Haenfler (2006) laments that while hegemonic masculinity may have its benefits to men in terms of public status and masculine privileges, it comes with a price as men often pay with poor health, shorter live and emotionally swallow their relationships and suffer from mental distress. Other critics of hegemonic masculinity argue that hegemonic masculinities do not correspond to actual lives of men, thus the theory provides a vague and imprecise account of social psychological reproduction of male identities. Conclusion In conclusion, hegemonic masculinity embodies men as superior human beings and views women as inferior and submissive creatures, who should live at mercy of their male counterparts. It teaches men to undermine and mistreat women and fellow men who are perceived as inferior. It values competition of hierarchy, sexual prowess and physical toughness at the expense of human dignity, self respect and peace of mind. Hegemonic masculinities often suppress their true feelings to avoid looking feminine as they internally suffer from mental and emotional distress to please the society and live as expected. However, with increasing modernity and industrialization, hegemonic masculinity is slowly losing its meaning; with many women assuming the role of breadwinners and rising to leadership positions as many young men become more and more afraid of society defined masculine responsibilities associated with hegemonic masculinities.

The Alien and Seditions Act :: American America History

The Alien and Seditions Act The debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 revealed bitter controversies on a number of issues that had been developing since the penning of the Constitution. The writers of the document knew that over time the needs of the nation and its people would change, and therefore provided for its amendment. But by not expressly delegating powers to specific organizations, whether the federal government, state governments, or the people themselves, they inadvertently created a major problem in the years to follow. The two parties, Federalists and Republicans interpreted the Constitution in terms of how this interpretation would fit their very different interests. The result of these differences were the Alien and Sedition Acts, followed closely by the secretly formed Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Passed in early 1798, the Acts laid down a number of harsh restrictions on foreigners. They were enacted by a Congress dominated by the Federalist Party and signed by President John Adams during a crisis with France. Though the acts were allegedly in response to the hostile actions of the French Revolutionary government on the seas and in the councils of diplomacy, they were designed to destroy Thomas Jefferson's Republican party, which had openly expressed its sympathies for the French Revolutionaries. Depending on recent immigrants from Europe for much of their voting strength, the Republicans were adversely affected by the Naturalization Act. It postponed citizenship, and thus voting privileges until the completion of 14, rather than 5, years of residence. It also empowered the president to arrest and deport aliens considered dangerous. The Alien Enemies Act provided for the deportation of subjects of foreign powers at war with the United States. The Sedition Act made it illegal to publish certain statements against the government, oppose lawful acts of the Congress of the United States and aid a foreign power in plotting against the United States; all considered seditious acts; hence the name of the law. The contents of the Alien Act were either ignored or welcomed by most Americans. It was accepted that people from foreign countries were enemies of the nation and, as their leaders had taught them, impressed upon then undemocratic principles. There was also a sense of isolation. most Americans had difficulty believing themselves to be even a part of the United States; most never left the states in which they lived and considered themselves more Virginians or Alabamians than Americans.

The Future :: Argumentative Persuasive Science Papers

The Future It is by following clues that we make discoveries, not by reasoning inductively. Now some people would accept this view but nevertheless argue that in science we cannot avoid reasoning inductively. For , , they say, suppose we have discovered a law of nature—let us say the law that all metals expand when heated. Now in saying that this is a law of nature we are saying that it holds not only in the past but also in the future. If it is a law of nature that all metals expand when heated, then metals will expand when heated not just today but also tomorow. But how do we know they will expand tomorow? Tomorow has not yet come. If we know, we can only know by reasoning inductively (they say). The law has held in the past; therefore it will hold in the future. Reasoning from the past to the future is inductive reasoning. In this paper I want to respond to this argument. My point will be, there is no need to reason inductively even in science. To help make my point I will draw on three examples. Example 1: Station A Suppose you crack ciphers. You have been intercepting messages from a radio station which you have called Station A. The messages transmited by Station A are encrypted by a cipher which you have already broken, a cipher which for your own convenience you have called Cipher X. Because you have already broken Cipher X, for the past six months you have been able to read every single message sent out by Station A. This morning you have intercepted another message. You have not deciphered it yet ... How are you going to decipher your new message? Are you going to decipher it by using Cipher X, the cipher you have broken and which Station A has been using these past six months? I think you are likely to say, 'Of course! ' So you will decipher the new message using Cipher X, as I too if I were in your position. Let us now go over the situation again. You have broken Cipher X. You have been deciphering all messages from Station A using Cipher X. You are now about to decipher this newly intercepted message by using Cipher X. Now considering what you have done and what you are about to do, can we infer that you are reasoning inductively?

Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking :: Alcoholism Drinking Essays

Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking at BVU After reading the book, Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking at BVU by Chris Allen, Alisa Dixson, Jennifer Durham, Shelley Katzer, Max Kenkel, Teri Kramer, Toby Malavong, and Courtney Weller, I realized that drinking on our BVU campus is a problem. I think that this is a problem on almost all college campuses though. This same group of students could go to almost any campus in the nation and find the same facts I believe. I did however, have some problems with the facts in the story. Some of the facts, to me, seemed almost impossible to be factual. Also, I think that the voiced teacher opinions were not needed in the book as much as they were. The fact that all these professors were once a kid might have been left out in some of these stories. So, at times, when I was reading this book I lost interest. I think that more research and surveying should have taken place before this book was used for classroom purposes. Instead of taking opinions from only non-drinking students and professors that all seemed to say that they have never drank before, the opinions should have been more varied and this book may have been worth taking a look at. Reading is enjoyed by almost everyone when the subject is interesting or factual. When a person is forced to read something, and they start to find patterns of information that seem to not be true, they tend to lose interest. Reading this book lost me almost form the start. Why did all the professors seem to speak of the exact same facts? They said the same facts in opinion, but differing stories would leak a little more true information than others. All of the students’ stories in the book seemed to have the same problem as well. To start the book, the first story started out with a young man and his roommate who chose to stay in their dorm on a Friday night and do their calculus homework. This isn’t a bad story, but if this book is aimed for us to understand how much drinking was going on around our campus, then why didn’t they start the story with someone who is drinking. How can a reader get the full truth about drinking, if they are interviewing kids that do not even participate in partying or drinking, not even socially?

Heart and Right Femoral Artery Essay

PROCEDURE: The right groin was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Seldinger technique was used, and a 6-French sheath was placed in the right femoral artery. A local anesthetic was used and sublingual nitroglycerin was given; no heparin was used. The left and right coronary arteries were selectively opacified in the LAO and RAO projections using manual injections of Optiray. A ventriculogram was done in the RAO projection with the use of a 6-French pigtail catheter. The catheters were then withdrawn, the sheath was removed and VasoSeal applied, and the patient was sent to her room in good condition without complications. PRESSURES: Aorta 117/63, LV 110/2-6 RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY: This is a dominant vessel. There is a long segment of severe subtotal disease extending from the proximal portion to almost the mid third. The rest of this vessel also appears to be diffusely diseased. The posterior descending branch is identified and this is 80% narrowed at its ostium. There is another 90% lesion in the distal 1/3 of this vessel. The AV branch is diminutive. LEFT CORONARY ARTERY: Left main trunk is calcified and has a 60%–70% distal narrowing. Left anterior descending is severely diseased from its origin, and gives off a diagonal and septal perforator and then the LAD is totally occluded. The circumflex calcification is seen in the main trunk where moderate plaque is seen compromising the lumen about 50%–60%. The circumflex then divides into two branches; the first is the lateral branch and then a second lateral branch. The first lateral branch is severely narrowed in its proximal portion to 90%, and then has another long segment of about 75% narrowing. This does appear to be a diffusely diseased vessel. The second lateral branch also has a long segment of 90% disease distally. The terminal AV branch of the circumflex is completely occluded. LEFT VENTRICLE: End systolic and end diastolic volumes are increased. There is diffuse impairment of contractility indicating diffuse multiwall ischemia. Overall contractility is mild-to-moderately impaired with an ejection fraction of the post PVC beat being around 40% or so. No major wall segment abnormalities are noted. The mitral and aortic valves are normal. The descending aorta is slightly dilated.

Developmental Theories in Juno

The movie  Juno  is not only an excellent representation of film and the creative process coming together to create characters and a story that draws in the audience and allows them to invest themselves in the lives of the characters, but it is also an excellent example of the developmental process. This is because the movie reflects not only the development of its protagonist Juno MacGuff and her emotional growth and development, but also her physical development throughout her pregnancy.Juno  begins with the adolescent protagonist, sixteen year old  Juno MacGuff, realizing that her one night stand with her friend and long-time crush, Paulie Bleeker, has resulted in her being pregnant. However when Juno goes to the clinic to receive the abortion, she finds that both her conscience and the pro-life protesting of a fellow classmate prevent her from going through with the deed. This conflict and resulting action are what spur the young Juno on to the exceptional level of growth and development that are experienced by both her and the audience throughout the film.After nervously telling her dysfunctional parents about her pregnancy, a difficult task for any young and unsuspecting expectant mother, Juno decides that what is best for her child is to carry it to term and place it with a loving family who can provide it with what she herself cannot. From this point in the movie on, Juno's growth is more than evident, as the process of deciding on adoptive parents for her unborn child pushes her to the limits as to what a person of her age should be dealing with.After searching through a local paper Juno decides on an infertile couple from the suburbs of Minnesota, Mark and Vanessa, that is seemingly perfect, and upon meeting them they seem to be the perfect fit for her. However, as the young Juno's confidence in her decision grows, the stability of Mark and Vanessa's relationship is tested as Mark begins to befriend Juno and their mutual love of rock and horro r films makes Mark realize not only the sacrifices he has had to make personally to make his marriage work, but also whether or not a child is what he wants at this point in his life.The arising conflict, which puts extra strain on Mark's relationship with Vanessa, who is so sure in her desire to have a child, results in their separation and the falling apart of what seemed such a perfect solution to Juno's predicament. Mark and Vanessa's separation hits Juno especially hard, because in her helpless situation Mark and Vanessa's seemingly perfect situation not only grounded her but gave her hope, as her birth parent's divorce and the dysfunctional relationship between her father and stepmother seem to give her no hope for happiness now or later in life.As Juno's pregnancy reaches full-term her faith in others and relationships is restored when she realizes that Vanessa's desire and love for her unborn child makes her more than suitable to be the mother of her child, which also gives her the courage to express her true feelings for her friend Paulie. The movie ends on an inspirational and hopeful note, with Juno having a healthy baby boy  whom Vanessa willingly and lovingly accepts, and Juno and Paulie entering into a healthy and stable relationship.After watching the movie with some knowledge of the process of growth and development, the role that Bronfenbrenner's, Piaget's, and Erickson's theories played in Juno's development. Urie Bronfenbrnner stressed the importance of the systems that surround each person, and the significant impact they have on that person's development. These systems are the microsystem, which is made up of friends, family, and school, the ecosystem, which includes things such as the school system, religious organization, and workplace, and the macrosystem, which include cultural values, economic policies, and political policies.Juno  stresses the importance the microsystem and macrosystem play in a person's development. Juno's micro system is dysfunctional, and her relationship with her parents affects her development and her relationship with her friends and the other students at her school. The divorce between her father and her mother, who now has a new family and only sends her a cactus on Valentine's Day, and her impaired relationship with her stepmother have resulted in her adopting an abrupt and unusual persona that cause her to be somewhat of an outcast at school, as well as being unsure about her own relationships in the cases of Paulie and Mark.Additional strain is placed on Juno by the cultural values of her macrosystem, as the scorn she is shown by her peers and the staff at her school over her pregnancy causes her to feel angry with Paulie. Jean Piaget described the four periods of cognitive development, and Juno's ability to think and reason analytically show that she is in the formal operational stage of her cognitive development. This stage is characterized by adolescents thinking â€Å"about a bstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally.They can be logical about things they have never experienced. † (Berger, 2008, p. 45 Table 2. 2). The character of Juno is an excellent example of this development, because throughout her pregnancy, which is an extremely emotional time, she is able to reason logically about what is best for her baby without being driven solely by emotion. Juno's decision to still give her child to Vanessa, who she knows will be a great mother, after Mark leaves her (which Juno blames herself for), showcases Juno's ability to reason logically without emotion.Also, Juno's decision to have her child and to give it away to Mark and Vanessa despite how difficult it will be emotionally displays her ability to be logical about what is best for her and her child despite having never experienced the situation before. Erik Erickson describes eight critical developmental stages of psychosocial development, and the stage t hat the adolescent Juno is in is identity vs. role confusion. This stage emphasizes the importance of social relationships and the primary task is finding one's own personal identity.Failure to receive identity achievement results in role confusion, and for part of the film this seems that the dysfunctional relationships in her life will make this happen to Juno. However, a conversation with her father about the importance of finding someone who truly loves and knows you gives Juno the realization of who she is and what exactly it is that she wants. This spurs Juno on to enter into a relationship with Paulie, and after having the baby, is content with who she is and what she wants.Juno, is a film that is not only valuable for its cinematic content, but also for its accurate representation of development, including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. The growth of the film's young protagonist Juno is not only representative of the hardships of teenage pregnancy and their effects o n a young woman, but that successful development can occur despite these hardships when there is a proper balance of emotional and environmental factors.

Brave new world Essay

Lenina, Foster and the Director all have been pre-conditioned to think of themselves better and more intelligent than Betas, Delta, Gammas, and Epsilons, as do all Alpha’s. And with good reason as Alpha’s are pre-conditioned to be more intellectual and socially better. This portrays a capitalist society with the different classes. Huxley deriving from an upper-middle class family this is understandable. In contrast to 1984, everybody is relatively the same. Proles and Party members are all treated the same and are regulated with telescreens and thought police moving amongst them. The views of Orwell have been diffused into the subject matter of 1984 as well as Huxley’s into BNW, the difference and contrast being their views. Huxley’s views of a class system and Orwell views that a socialist Britain was going to develop in light of Soviet Russia. When further comparing the author’s style and subject matter of thinking for their characters, it is clear that they share relatively the same principles. Orwell’s language and style shows that the Party members and proles are sub-consciously trained to believe the ideals of the Party by propaganda. Posters, the two-minute hate, books, songs and newspapers all enforce the Party ideals and the people believe them for they have no other principles or ideals with which to compare. They assume that the Party is right in what it says. This refers back to the proles not having an individual consciousness away from party principles, as stated by Winston in the extract. Their thinking is basic and un-intellectual. Similarly, the thinking process in BNW is a result from training and conditioning. This time people are taught in their sleep (again sub-consciously like in 1984) what to think and what ideals/principles to hold. Their thinking is mechanic and standardised which holds parallels with the mechanic factories they were produced in. Again it is the case of two different methods producing the same result. The subject matter of the BNW extract shows humour which 1984 does not. The fact and process that leads to the Rocket Engineers only ever being truly happy when standing on their heads and that ‘Decanting trauma’ can occur in comparison with real life birth trauma. Both of these examples from the extract are illustrations of the humour that Huxley injects into the novel at several intervals. With 1984 there are no humorous comments at all and so the subject matter keeps, at all times, an air of seriousness, whereas with BNW this air of seriousness, as a revolutionary novel, is broken from time to time by the humour. A main contrast that the two extracts highlight is the ideal of what both worlds are striving towards and are. In 1984 Winston describes the Party’s ultimate aim as; â€Å"The ideal set up by the Party was something huge, terrible and glittering – a world of steel and concrete, of monstrous machines†¦ – a nation†¦ All thinking the same thoughts, shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing and persecuting – three hundred million people all with the same face. † This holds extreme parallels to the world that Huxley creates in Brave New World. A world where everyone has the same face paralleling with the mass producing of people that all look alike; shouting the same slogans, paralleling with the sleep taught sayings that everyone has a version of, whether you’re an Alpha or Epsilon, a world of steel and concrete paralleling with the vast huge cities of BNW. It seems that 1984 is a world where a government is attempting to change the past and achieve a different world, whereas BNW is a world proud of its past and of sustaining its world. The two are exact opposites; BNW being what the Party is trying to create. The importance of the two extracts in the novels is high in that they are meant to shock the reader. Huxley’s description of the manufacturing of people and Orwell’s description of a world that controls everything (even the past) and makes its people think whatever they like. Both extracts create a world in which the story is allowed to develop, they are the soil from which the seed is meant to grow. The 1984 extract has an added level to its importance as it shows that already Winston is part of the undead. It shows that Winston is doing exactly what he’s not supposed to be and that if/when he is caught, the Party have got grounds on which to vaporise him. It shows the re-occurring principle in the novel that death is certain, and life is not. It shows that any chance of Orwell’s world changing, the Party being overthrown, is non-existent as any chance must lie in the proles but: â€Å"Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious. † This parallels with BNW as no-one there either wishes to change things, as they are content with their current life. Both extracts create these two worlds of unimaginable oppression whether its inhabitants realise it or not and the theme that runs throughout the comparison of the two novels and extracts is the same; that Orwell and Huxley both achieve relatively the same thing through different methods. They both achieve worlds of oppression and shock simply through different actual environments; as they did with making it that everyone thinks what the authorities wants them to think and that they have no interest in challenging this or any other aspect of their world. This being the case and both authors creating these future worlds of shock and astonishment are vital to the novels as this is what makes the novels so revolutionary for their time.

Handphones should be banned from schools Essay

Based on my opinion, I strongly believe that hand phones should be banned from schools. This is because the detrimental effect of students’ usage of hand phones in school weighs heavier than its benefits. Firstly, hand phones should be banned in school because students’ easily loses focus in class. Acquiring knowledge, learn something new and to educate one-self are the reasons students go to school. If learning is the priority, then what role do hand phones play in classrooms? They serve as distracters, what else? Students who use hand phones in class get distracted and distract the learning of process of the other students in class as well. For instance, if a student’s hand phone rings, everyone’s attention is set on the student rather than on the teacher standing in the frontier of the class. Moreover, on many occasions students’ have been caught text-messaging each other in class or playing games on their phones. Other than that, hand phones should be banned from schools because students’ tend to surf the websites in the classroom. When the lesson is taking place in the class, students who chooses to rebel, shows complete attachment to the phone. Rather than, paying attention during the class, students surf the internet and actively interact in social medias such as Face book and Twitter. Worst still, students who use hand phones are prone to visit illegal and inappropriate websites for their age. For instance, there are chances for students to have access to pornography in hand phones. Many students have been known to download pornographic pictures from the Internet to their phones. Adding on, students tend share those videos with their peers through Bluetooth which opens gate for social problem. Moreover, hand phones should be banned from schools because it creates opportunity for thefts to occur. It is a norm for teenagers to display their belongings to their fellow peers. Additionally, if they own something new, latest, trendy and mostly what the others do not own. This allows the occurrence of petty thefts in school as hand phones, especially those that are expensive and have additional features that draws unnecessary attention, gets stolen. Here, the safety of students also comes into the picture. Especially students who hold their expensive gadgets are sometimes accosted and assaulted outside the school gate as they lure the attention of snatch thieves. Victims with hand phones and other valuable will most certainly have these items taken away by force when they are not aware. Who is to be blamed here? The student with the hand phone? Or the thief? In addition, hand phones should be banned from schools because it encourages dishonesty. Students who have access to hand phones in class, may cultivate the habit of cheating. For instance, students can text test answers to other people in the classroom or also the school. Students too may have internet access on their phone and look up answers for examinations that way. Even though cheating has always been an issue, using cell phones in school only makes the issue bigger. Stressing again; I strongly believe that hand phones should be banned from schools because students’ easily loses focus in class, students’ tend to surf the websites in the classroom, creates opportunity for thefts to occur and finally encourages dishonesty. Since, the usage of hand phones in school contributes to multiple problems, I assert that hand phones should be banned from schools.

The Philosophy of Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Philosophy of Mind - Essay Example It also includes a brief analysis of the response of modern science to this classical assumption. Descartes believes that the tendency to associate sensible features with bodies is a mistake developed during childhood. During these early years individuals acquire the belief that the physical world is strongly connected to their sensations, or that it has the types of attributes it seems to possess in sense perception, both sensible and automatic. But indeed, he argues, bodies possess only automatic attributes, such as motion, size, and shape, and people’s perception of sensible attributes are brought about by formation of these attributes (Wilson 49). Challenging the simple perception of the physical world is a major objective of the Meditations. The movement against faith in the senses, and specifically against the belief that bodies are the same as sensations, is an important instrument in realising this objective, because Descartes believes the simple understanding of the physical world is mostly rooted in the notion that bodies are the same as people’s sensations (Morton 99). Descartes started his pursuit of truth by using his newly developed method of inquiry. His method used intense scepticism—all ideas that are doubtful were disregarded, including ancient wisdom taught by scholasticism. More critically, Descartes also doubted ideas coming from the senses because â€Å"from time to time I have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once† (Wilson 37). Evidently this argument encouraged questioning much of the established knowledge, and eliminating them as potential groundwork of thought. All ideas of the physical world might be untrue, since knowledge of them arises from the untrustworthy senses. Moreover, the presence of the physical body was questioned based on the same justification (Engel &

Philippines history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philippines history - Essay Example Rizal was gifted in numerous field and participated in hundreds of learning activities both in Spain and Europe. The case Jose Rizal is a unique one since he never forget his native culture and the livelihood of his mother country, despite learning from different cultures. Having studied over twenty languages, Rizal still cherished his mother language and knew that it was important to safeguard indigenous culture and develop it. A critical analysis of the Noli Me Tangere provides several elements of indigenous culture that are evident in both religion and the society. From the Noli Me Tangere, we can identify that practices such as hospitality and courtesy are well pictured. Rizal (6) notes that Captain Tiago organized a dinner party, which was attended by many people. Hospitality is among the pillars of indigenous culture in Philippines, which lies on the principle that, people should live as members of this same family. The Philippines native culture recognizes members of the society as one social unit that should share the available resources. The old man who was welcoming guest during the party organized by Captain Tiago, showed respect and humbleness to the quest. He was courteous when welcoming the ladies invited to the party, and executed the assigned duties without despair or discrimination. The culture provides that people should join hands when attending to societal problems such as hunger, disease and education. In essence, people should enjoy good times together, and when it comes to tough times, they should mourn together. The Catholic Church recognizes the practice of maintaining upright morals and way of doing things, just like the indigenous Philippines culture. This can be proven by how the sitting arrangement was organized at the house of Captain Tiago during the dinner party. Men had to sit on a separate side from that of the women to avoid a chance that might

The Plight of the honeybee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Plight of the honeybee - Essay Example Ethos on the other hand is the use of authority be it moral or technical expertise to make an authoritative argument while logos is the use of reason to make a persuasive argument. The article is littered with the use of logos or logical reasoning to make an argument. This is expected because the author discussed a scientific phenomenon which is the mass deaths in bee colonies. This was very obvious with the use of factual figures to quoting studies by experts in the field both by individuals and institutions. This may make the paper a difficult read but it was necessary to make the case convincing why the mass deaths of honeybee is alarming. The paper began in this note to establish credibility using hard figures such as citing 237 items out of 453 items vanished when honeybees are removed from the produce section of Whole Foods store in Rhode Island making a thesis that honeybees "are the glue that holds our agricultural system together" (Walsh). The phenomenon of honeybees mass deaths were also assigned a scientific term by the experts as colony-collapse disorder (CCD) where the number of honeybee colonies that disappeared had increased causing honeybee kee pers money and their business as well as endangering our staple food from the perspective of science. The research leader at the U.S. Department of Agricultures Bee Research Laboratory says that â€Å"we are very close to the edge† (Walsh). Another aspect in the article that used the logos approach is the discussion of the causes of such mass deaths among honeybees which are the pesticides particularly the compound neonicotinoids, the Varoa mites and poisoned environment. The destructive mites Varoa was explained as a microscopic mite that kills billions of bees by burrowing into the brood cells that host baby bees and also on how to kill it such as â€Å"Monsanto’s RNA-interference technology that

The elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The elasticity of demand - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the sensitivity of demand of a product with respect to changes in its own price is identified as the own price elasticity of demand. To state this alternatively, own price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in demand per percentage change in the price of the product, other things remaining the same. Therefore, the own price elasticity of demand is expressed as the ratio of percentage change in demand and the percentage change in the price of the good in question. So, own price elasticity of demand for the good X with a per unit price PX shall be given by the expression: EPx = (percentage change in quantity demanded of X)/ (percentage change in PX). This can be calculated as either at a movement from a point on the demand curve to another, which is known as arc elasticity or as the limiting value of arc elasticity known as point elasticity of demand. However for changes assumed to be infinitesimally small, so that the movement is not perceptible and it is as if the consumer stays on the same point on the demand curve almost, we use the limiting value of arc elasticity of demand, known as point elasticity of demand. Since for all normal goods quantity demanded varies inversely with price, own price elasticity is always negative, though the extent to which demand varies inversely is not the same for all goods.

Stereotype Logic and Programming Paper Assignment

Stereotype Logic and Programming Paper - Assignment Example The current paper critically discusses three stereotypes encountered in life and the effects they can have on others. The common stereotype about bullying is that the perpetrator is always a big, dumb and violent boy, while the victim is smaller and weaker. This notion is embedded in traditional views among schoolchildren that bullying is a rite of passage. From a social perspective, prejudice bullying is viewed as a social crisis deeply rooted in the wider social discourse with individuals justifying the use of negative behavior towards an out-group (Boyle, 2005). Traditionally, bullies were seen as having high self-esteem and those who did not do it were viewed as weak. The bullying stereotypes are largely based on the traditional perception that circumstances of imbalance of power must exist for bullying to occur. Other arguments include the perception that bullies struggle with academics and are socially detached. However, a critical analysis suggests that these arguments are mis taken. With the increased use of social networking sites, the nature of bullying has changed dramatically. Information and communication technology enables people to harm others using text messages via cell phones, emails or via social sites. Girls have become cyber-bullies and the traditional view that the perpetrator is stronger and bigger is becoming more obscure. Bullying is now not limited to schools or to people we know. Any one with a harmful intent can bully. The bully must not have any physical advantage in terms of body size or any other form of leverage. A common gender stereotype is that women are not good in competitive sports. Gender stereotypes are biased generalizations about the roles of individuals based on gender attributes. A predominant view about women is that they are generally poor in competitive sports. The main argument for this stereotype is based on traditional perceptions and beliefs about gender roles and sexuality. Other arguments are based on the fact that different performance measures and fitness levels are administered for female athletes. On the contrary, women are as good as men in competitive sports. While women and girls comprise a large part of the population, popular media do not cover women sports as equally as they cover men’s sports (Center for Gender Equality, 2006). Gender stereotyping is common in televised sports, hence, cementing the notion that women are sex objects and humorous fans, but not athletes. The Center for Gender Equality (2006) asserts that gender stereotypes and socialization contribute to the traditional gender roles of women and men, with the media playing a critical role in perpetuating this perception. One of the common stereotypes about old people and aging is that they are lonely and conservative homebodies, who live with relatives. This stereotype is perpetuated via the traditional patterns of behavior associated with Christianity, a predominant religion in our area. The arguments are based on the perception that terminally old people are heavily incapacitated by diseases and depend on other before death. Such generalizations affect the behavior and experiences of old people. People can be persuaded to believe they are elderly, even when they are still healthy and capable of taking care of themselves. More importantly, stereotypes about aging are constructed many years before individuals actually become old. On the contrary, there is a strong association between health and wellbeing. A critical analysis suggests the ‘lonely’ stereotype emanates from the fact that many old people live in houses with relatives. However, old people have a diverse social networking established throughout the years. This

Digital Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Digital Communication - Research Paper Example Digital communication is the transfer or transmission of data from point to another and it is generally encoded digitally and this form of communication was first emerged in 1920's but its presence was there since the establishment of general communication. Since its emergence new technologies have been seen in the world. Basically the history of digital communication revolves around the three basic networks, i.e. computer, telephone and Cable TV. T1 similarly, emerged in 1960's during the digital upheaval in the roots of the U.S telephone network. But now it is used irresistible for data broadcasting. It is due to the telephone companies that T1 exists in this world. Due to the continuous improvements in technology of Digital communication, new communication systems emerged as some of the major today's digital communication systems includes GSM, iDEN, CDMA and others. In general this research paper includes the history of digital communication and T1 and the main components included in this report is the description of digital communication and T1, its application. This report explains and emphasizes how different people contributed in this field and brought new revolutions and new technologies and how it is being used in the present situation. Digital CommunicaDigital Communication Digital Communication is also known as data transmission in which the data is physically transferred through a communication channel, i.e. point-to- point or point-to-multipoint. The data transmitted during this communication process are electro-magnetic signals such as microwave signals, electrical voltage signals or infra-red signals, while copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication, storage media are the most common communication channels used. When data is being transmitted, it mostly uses digital messages which are originated from mostly a computer or a keyboard. Digital communication or data transmission is a sub field from data communications, and also has a strong background with telecommunications and electrical engineering. T1 T1 is also known as DS1, is a T-carrier signaling scheme which was developed by Bell Labs and is mainly used to transmit voice and data between different devices. It is mostly used in telecommunication departments in North America and Japan. T1 is defined as a mean that carries multiple voice and involves data conversion in a single line in a full duplex (transmission method that involves that transmits and receive the information at the same time) synchronous data transmission technique where the data is transmitted at an aggregate speed of 1.544 Mbps. The T1 circuit is made up of twenty four 8 bit channel, in whicj each cannel comprises of 64 kbits/s carrier circuits. History of Digital Communication Digital communication has been used since the advent of communication, when data was transmitted through non-electrical means such as optical and mechanical. The

The After math of WW1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The After math of WW1 - Essay Example In regards to the effect on minorities of Europe after the First World War according to Spielvogel (2011) there are numerous negative consequences for these various groups. After the war a number of empires were broken up, in which various peoples that had cohabited in relative peace now were blaming each other for the economic woes brought on in the post war period. For example, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire there were a significant number of Czechs, Germans, Italians Hungarians, Poles, Serbs, and Slovenes (Amongst others) with this distribution of people there is no question that there would be a significant number of skirmishes between communities dominated by one group against their minorities. As a result of this a number of bilateral minority treaties which corresponded with the League of Nations Mandates. Some examples were the Polish Minority Treaty, or in the Austrian context, the Treaty of St. Germain-en Laye (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 1999). However, it th e negative effects on minorities in post WWI Europe would have been prominently felt in Germany (Especially once the nation began to be dominated by the National Socialists). Once the party came into power a number of sweeping laws came into effect that had sever consequences for minority groups. Some examples would be the Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Diseased Offspring (Facing History Campus, 2011) which forced compulsory sterilization of people suffering from hereditary diseased and later children of mixed parentage. This only represents a fraction of the overall policies that negatively affected minorities during the post-war period. The next issue to be addressed is the penalties that were to be paid by the Germans according to the Treaty of Versailles. According to The Discovery Channel (2011) there were a number of monetary and political implications from the treaty. For example there was significant loss of German territory. Germany was to cede the Alsace-Lorraine reg ion to France, Northern Schleswig was ceded to Denmark, and West Prussia was given to Poland ultimately amounting to approximately 65 thousand square kilometers lost to foreign nations in Europe. There were also significant overseas territories such as Namibia, Cameroon and a number of island territories in Oceania that had to be given up. In terms of military implications from the treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to keep the size of its armed forces to fewer than 100,000 combatants, serious restrictions were placed on where the nation could build fortifications, air forces were completely forbidden and the navy was restricted to small ships. Moreover, according to the Discovery Channel (2011) one additional consequence was that the Kaiser Wilhelm II was supposed to be tried as a war criminal, but owing to the fact that he had fled to the Netherlands (Who refused to extradite him) no trial ever took place. The final major consequence was the financial implications from the c onflict meant that Germany was ordered to pay war reparations to the allied forces to help offset the costs that the allied nations had incurred as part of the war effort but Germany was also held responsible for the damages to civilian infrastructure as well. Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, Germany had not paid off the entirety of their war reparations. However, according to ‘The Local’ (2010) the total cost was 132 billion Reichmarks which is approximately â‚ ¬

Sport Psychology Essay Example for Free

Sport Psychology Essay tExercise is an accessible method of fulfilling a persons physical goals which they have for their own body. Humans are capable of engaging in a variety of exercises including running, playing a game of volleyball, or even surfing. In spite of the many physical accomplishments which humans can gain from physical exercise, people are also capable of encountering many psychological benefits from doing so. Studies have shown that exercising release certain chemicals in our brain that results in a good feeling. For instance, a late The beauty behind physical exercise is not only due to physical benefits which humans receive due to it, but also from the positive psychological energy given to humans that helps motivate us to continue the journey of life. arousal regulation, imagery, self confidence, attention, or concentration , goal setting memory write a 4-5 page paper. the assignment thing said you will write an article for a sports magazine on a topic from the psychological skills training section of the book that you find interesting. ( choices are: arousal regulation, imagery, self confidence, goal setting attention or concentration ) The format of your aticle should be similar to those in the actual newsletter or magazine. Be creative: include graphics and diagrams, get the readers attention with quotes and create a catchy title. write in language that is accessible to individuals who have never taken a sport psychology class. Be sure to include good content and ideas for how this information can be applied to specific situations ( using examples in a good idea ). Prayer-= Ones performance can soar like an eagle once you defeat the psychological struggles flooding ones mind. Anxiety is the main proponent to affecting any human being from giving their utmost potential in a sport. Anxiety is derived from due to self-insecurities. There are various approaches which you can make when confronting ones psychological struggles hindering ones performance, through the use of: somatic anxiety reduction,cognitive anxiety reduction, and multimodal anxiety reduction packages. An insincere and evil friend is more to be feared than a wild beast; a wild beast may wound your body, but an evil friend will wound your mind (Buddha). A wild beast in a surfing contest can be a shark swimming near the surface of the waves, while an evil friend in this case can be the physical symptoms which one experiences when feeling the anxiety of competing, thats making it difficult to keep your balance on the surfboard. One method which any human can use in order to control these physical symptoms that can possibly hinder ones performance is through the use of somatic anxiety reduction techniques. This technique focuses on progressive relaxation, learning how to control ones breathing, as well as biofeedback. Progressive relaxation involves becoming familiar with the tension experienced in ones muscles and then releasing all of it. This method is extremely beneficial to any human since it helps one to become conscious of the feeling experienced in the muscles when one is under a stressful situation. By familiarizing oneself with this particular strain in the muscles, one is capable of being able to preventing them from interfering with ones performance. Controlling ones breathing is also vital in order to present ones utmost performance. When humans experiences stress and anxiety in any particular situation, one can often experience a shortness, irregularity, as well as shallowness of breath. In contrast, when one is under a peaceful state of mind, ones breathing is steady and deep. Biofeedback is also an effective method used in order reduce somatic anxiety. This particular technique involves learning to control ones physiological and unconscious responses in the body through the process of receiving physiological responses that arent normally available to a person. Another technique which athletes as well as any other human can use in order to reduce anxiety involves some cognitive exercises. One exercise commonly use is meditation which involves an inwardly oriented personal exercise that involves quieting and concentration of the mind that can lead to a great deal of reduction of muscle tension. Another technique which individuals can use is autogenic training which centers a human to produce warmth and heaviness, that can eventually leads to a state of relaxation. Another technique that can be applied to ones life in order to help one to regulate arousal during performance is called multimodal anxiety reduction packages. A well known form of this anxiety reducing technique is called stress management training. SMT consists of applying relaxation and cognitive components to ones form of coping responses to emotional arousal that may arise within. Another example of a multidomal anxiety reduction that may fortify ones way of coping with stress is through stress inoculation training. This particular training involves exposing a human to stressful components, including mental images, and self-statements, that fortifies a humans resistance to stress. Therefore, as mentioned before, arousal regulation is a particular coping mechanism which athletes can greatly benefit them in order to excel in their physical and mental performance when playing a sport. Studies have shown that these anxiety reducing techniques greatly benefit individuals while working under pressure. Somatic anxiety reduction consists of becoming aware of ones physical symptoms that may arise while under stress, and learning how to cope with them when they arise during performance. Cognitive anxiety reduction techniques is also vital by helping one to gain more control of the anxious thoughts that emerge in ones conscious, that can enable one to give ones outstanding performance. The last particular anxiety exercise that was mentioned is the multimodal anxiety reduction packages, which is essential for all humans to build effective and positive coping mechanisms in the midst of a stressful situation. These three anxiety reducing techniques can be seen as vital methods which psychologists have created in order to help any human being to learn how to control ones body, physical, and emotional responses to stressful situations that can be presented during performance during any particular moment in ones life. Therefore, if athletes gain more control over their emotions, this what am i sad about: after comment; made me feel like im not good enough. and that im not a cool of enough girl. i want to take shit serious. i feel bad about that.

What do you see as Dickens social aims Essay Example for Free

What do you see as Dickens social aims Essay This is when the ghost is hinting at Scrooges living relative that Scrooge should also show love to. Scrooge then becomes uneasy and Dickens using a style of writing known as Stichomythic this is due to the shortness of Scrooges reply because he is thinking of how he has mistreated his nephew. You can see changes of Scrooge during this scene as he compliments his dead sister and he starts to think about his nephew in a good way also Scrooge starts to feel sorry for the poor, you can see this when he quotes; There was a boy singing a Christmas Carol at my door last night. I should have liked to have given him something thats all. This is the biggest change so far as it illustrates to the reader that Scrooge is beginning to feel sympathy which is a first for him in the novel. The second of the three spirits is described by what it wore and this was a green robe which is the original colour of Christmas, the spirit was very cheerful and warm as he has Sparkling eyes and Cheery voice. The spirit was also surrounded with items that are significantly related to Christmas, Holly, mistletoe, red berries, ivy, and turkeys. This is to try and help Scrooge relate to Christmas as he never has before. The ghost of Christmas present takes Scrooge to the Cratchit household so Scrooge can observe a happy family enjoying their annual Christmas dinner. Everything in the Cratchit family household is to do with the contrast symbolism of Scrooge therefore warmth and light. The first change during this scene is he feels sympathy and concern about the life of Tiny Tim. You can see this when Scrooge asks the spirit Tell me if Tiny Tim will live. Also when Scrooge quotes; Oh no, kind spirit! Say he will be spared. This is a major change as Scrooge is now starting to show care for others. The spirit replies to this; If these shadows remain unaltered by the future, none other of my race will find him here. What then? If he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. Subsequent to hearing his own words quoted back to him Scrooge hangs is head in shame and realizes how harsh his own words had sounded, Scrooge now knows that if he does not change his ways Tiny Tim will die, Scrooge is now overcome with Penitence and Grief. This is also a change as this is a first for the reader to witness this. During this scene Scrooge also realizes how awful employer he is to Bob Cratchit, when Bob tries to raise a toast to Mr. Scrooge and Mrs. Cratchit replies; It should be Christmas Day, I am sure, on which one drinks the health of such an odious, stingy, hard, unfeeling man as Mr. Scrooge. You know he is Robert! Nobody knows it better than you do, poor fellow! This makes Scrooge think about how he treats Bob Crathit and how underpaid his clerk is for what he does. Dickens also describes Scrooge as the Ogre of the family which cast a dark shadow over the party this is relating to the symbolism of Darkness that Scrooge possess. The last of the three spirits is very dark and seems to symbolize death as it is described by dickens; the Phantom slowly, gravely, silently, approached. It was shrouded in a deep black garment which concealed its head, its face. It would be difficult to detach this figure from the night or separate it from darkness In this description the words gloom and gravely are related to death. The other words suggest mystery, fear and symbolism of darkness, which at the start of the novel was one symbol that was related to Scrooge. Scrooge shows a vast amount of terror in the presence of this spirit; Filled him with a solemn dread, His legs trembled beneath him also the fact that this Phantom is silent and communicates with Scrooge simply through hand gestures which is normally pointing. Scrooge is listening in on a conversation between a small group of business men about a death that has taken place some quotes from the conversation explain just how untouched everyone is about this death; I thought hed never die. What has he done with the money He hasnt left it to me. This pleasantry was received with a general laugh. Its likely to be a very cheap funeral. For upon my life I dont know of anybody to go to it. From these quotes the reader can immediately distinguish that these men are talking about the death of Mr. Scrooge, but as Dickens describes him Scrooge is ignorant therefore Scrooge will not accept or believe that these people are talking about himself. Due to this the Spirit guides Scrooge to a graveyard. When the spirit points to a particular grave before Scrooge lays his eyes upon it he begins to realize it was him that the people were talking about and this is clear from the question he asks the Phantom; Before I draw nearer to that stone to which you point. Are these the shadows of the things that Will be, or are they the shadows of the things that May be, only? Scrooge saw the name EBENEZER SCROOGE Scrooge now is made to believe that he was the man that when he died nobody was affected and suddenly the ignorance vanished and he swears to change; I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. The spirits of all three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach me. This is Scrooges guarantee to change and never to change back to the ignorant, selfish, dreadful person that he once was. Scrooge stuck to his word he had changed, he is a complete contrast of what he once was and from the start of the last stave this is lucid; I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry as a school-boy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. In each one of these similes there is a contrast of symbolism to what Scrooge was at the start of the novel. Feather is soft. Angel is light. Merry school boy or Giddy drunken man is warm. It is also clear that he is kind as he increases the wage of his maid and his clerk Mr. Bob Cratchit. A key incident within the novel illustrates what Dickens wants to alleviate this is the scene when the two children immerge from the second spirits cloak; This boy is ignorance. This girl is want. Beware of them both, and all of their degree, but most of all beware of this boy, for on his brow I see written which is Doom, unless the writing be erased. This is saying that Dickens think that we need to educate the poor to stop their ignorance and that the poor can help themselves, but when the rich are wilfully ignorant we need to help them to stop so that they can help change things to create a better world for everyone. Dickens novel produced some immediate effects and the poor were treated better by those who read the novel. Due to Scrooge changing throughout the novel from one extreme (hard, cold and dark) to another (soft, warm and light) it persuaded people who could relate to Scrooge in some way that they could do the same.

Different types of camera

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